Proceedings, of the Worcester Society of Entiquity, Vol. 21 (Classic Reprint)

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Bertram, Stephen (2003). Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518364-1. BC: Julius Caesar murdered by Marcus Brutus and others; End of Roman Republic; beginning of Roman Empire. c. 145 BC: Eucratides I dies; Greco-Bactrian Kingdom collapses. Remnants move southwards to form the Indo-Greek Kingdom.

BC: Ashoka sends a Buddhist missionary led by his son who was Mahinda Thero (Buddhist monk) to Sri Lanka (then Lanka) Mahinda (Buddhist monk). Ancient technological progress began before the recording of history, with tools, use of fire, [177] domestication of animals, and agriculture all predating recorded history. [178] The use of metals and the ability to make metal alloys was foundational for later technologies to develop. [179] Medical knowledge, including the use of herbs to treat illnesses and wounds as well as some surgical techniques, advanced during antiquity. [180] An early very important development that allowed for further advancement was writing, which allowed humans to record information for later use. [181]Parker, Philip (2017). World History: From the Ancient World to the Information Age (Reviseded.). New York: DK. ISBN 978-1-4654-6240-4. History [ edit ] Allegories of five literatures of antiquity, relief at Cardiff Castle, by Thomas Nicholls circa 1870

decline of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, while the Eastern Roman Empire persisted throughout the Middle Ages, in a state called the Roman Empire by its citizens, and labeled the Byzantine Empire by later historians. BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture; The beginning of Poverty Point culture in North America. This was the period when, if the Trojan War is real, it probably happened. It probably corresponds to the time of the Biblical Book of Exodus.In the 8th century BC, power became decentralized during the Spring and Autumn period, [107] named after the influential Spring and Autumn Annals. [108] In this period, local military leaders used by the Zhou began to assert their power and vie for hegemony. [107] The situation was aggravated by the invasion of other peoples, [109] forcing the Zhou to move their capital east to Luoyang. [110] In each of the hundreds of states that eventually arose, local strongmen held most of the political power and continued their subservience to the Zhou kings in name only. The Hundred Schools of Thought of Chinese philosophy blossomed during this period, and such influential intellectual movements as Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism were founded, partly in response to the changing political world. [111] [112] Prehistory is the period before written history. Most of our knowledge of that period comes from the work of archaeologists. [2] Prehistory is often known as the Stone Age, and is divided into the Paleolithic (earliest), Mesolithic, and Neolithic. [3] The Republican period of Ancient Rome began with the overthrow of the Monarchy c.509BC and lasted over 450 years until its subversion through a series of civil wars, into the Principate form of government and the Imperial period. During the half millennium of the Republic, Rome rose from a regional power of the Latium to the dominant force in Italy and beyond. The unification of Italy under Roman hegemony was a gradual process, brought about in a series of conflicts of the 4th and 3rd centuries, the Samnite Wars, Latin War, and Pyrrhic War. Roman victory in the Punic Wars and Macedonian Wars established Rome as a super-regional power by the 2nd centuryBC, followed up by the acquisition of Greece and Asia Minor. This tremendous increase of power was accompanied by economic instability and social unrest, leading to the Catiline conspiracy, the Social War and the First Triumvirate, and finally the transformation to the Roman Empire in the latter half of the 1st centuryBC. Lewis, D.M.; Boardman, John; Davies, J.K.; etal., eds. (1992). "Preface". The Cambridge Ancient History Volume V: The Fifth Century B.C. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23347-7. See also: Classical antiquity The Parthenon, a temple dedicated to Athena, located on the Acropolis in Athens